A shifted-coset formula for rational Catalan polynomials

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Let a<ba<b be relatively prime. Let Λ\boldsymbol{\Lambda} be the lattice of aa-cores, let ΛT=(aZ)a−1\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T=(a\mathbb{Z})^{a-1}, and let c\mathfrak{c} range over the cosets in Λ/ΛT\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T. For each coset, let s(c,b)s(\mathfrak{c},b) denote the shift determining the intersection of the coset with the simplex of (a,b)(a,b)-cores, and let SCa−1(b)\mathcal{SC}_{a-1}(b) denote that simplex.

Coset age conjecture. There is an age function ι\iota on the cosets c∈Λ/ΛT\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T such that

∑c∈Λ/ΛTqι(c)=[a]q2[a]q3⋯[a]qa−1\sum_{\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T}q^{\iota(\mathfrak{c})}=[a]_{q^2}[a]_{q^3}\cdots[a]_{q^{a-1}}

and

Cata,b(q)=∑c∈Λ/ΛTqι(c)(b/a−s(c,b)+a−1a−1)qa,\mathbf{Cat}_{a,b}(q)=\sum_{\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T}q^{\iota(\mathfrak{c})}\binom{b/a-s(\mathfrak{c},b)+a-1}{a-1}_{q^a},

where the qaq^a-binomial coefficient qaq^a-counts the points in c∩SCa−1(b)\mathfrak{c}\cap\mathcal{SC}_{a-1}(b). This would provide a shifted lattice-point expression for the rational Catalan polynomial and explain the positivity of its coefficients. The source presents this as conjectural and gives no resolution.

References

Primary source

Paul Johnson, “Lattice points and simultaneous core partitions”, arXiv:1502.07934 (2015).

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