A shifted-coset formula for rational Catalan polynomials

From papers

Let a<ba<b be relatively prime. Let Λ\boldsymbol{\Lambda} be the lattice of aa-cores, let ΛT=(aZ)a1\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T=(a\mathbb{Z})^{a-1}, and let c\mathfrak{c} range over the cosets in Λ/ΛT\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T. For each coset, let s(c,b)s(\mathfrak{c},b) denote the shift determining the intersection of the coset with the simplex of (a,b)(a,b)-cores, and let SCa1(b)\mathcal{SC}_{a-1}(b) denote that simplex.

Coset age conjecture. There is an age function ι\iota on the cosets cΛ/ΛT\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T such that

cΛ/ΛTqι(c)=[a]q2[a]q3[a]qa1\sum_{\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T}q^{\iota(\mathfrak{c})}=[a]_{q^2}[a]_{q^3}\cdots[a]_{q^{a-1}}

and

Cata,b(q)=cΛ/ΛTqι(c)(b/as(c,b)+a1a1)qa,\mathbf{Cat}_{a,b}(q)=\sum_{\mathfrak{c}\in\boldsymbol{\Lambda}/\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_T}q^{\iota(\mathfrak{c})}\binom{b/a-s(\mathfrak{c},b)+a-1}{a-1}_{q^a},

where the qaq^a-binomial coefficient qaq^a-counts the points in cSCa1(b)\mathfrak{c}\cap\mathcal{SC}_{a-1}(b). This would provide a shifted lattice-point expression for the rational Catalan polynomial and explain the positivity of its coefficients. The source presents this as conjectural and gives no resolution.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Paul Johnson, “Lattice points and simultaneous core partitions”, arXiv:1502.07934 (2015).

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