Rodriguez-Villegas-type q-supercongruences modulo the square of a q-integer

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Let p⩾5p\geqslant 5 be a prime. Define the qq-shifted factorial by (a;q)0=1(a;q)_0=1 and

(a;q)n=(1−a)(1−aq)⋯(1−aqn−1)(a;q)_n=(1-a)(1-aq)\cdots(1-aq^{n-1})

for n≥1n\geq 1, and let [p]=1+q+⋯+qp−1[p]=1+q+\cdots+q^{p-1}. Let (⋅p)(\frac{\cdot}{p}) denote the Legendre symbol modulo pp. Rodriguez-Villegas-type q-supercongruences. The following four congruences hold:

∑k=0p−1(q;q2)k2(q2;q2)k2≡(−1p)q1−p24(mod[p]2),∑k=0p−1(q;q3)k(q2;q3)k(q3;q3)k2≡(−3p)q1−p23(mod[p]2),∑k=0p−1(q;q4)k(q3;q4)k(q4;q4)k2≡(−2p)q3(1−p2)8(mod[p]2),∑k=0p−1(q;q6)k(q5;q6)k(q6;q6)k2≡(−1p)q5(1−p2)12(mod[p]2).\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{(q;q^2)_k^2}{(q^2;q^2)_k^2}&\equiv \left(\frac{-1}{p}\right)q^{\frac{1-p^2}{4}}\pmod{[p]^2},\\ \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{(q;q^3)_k(q^2;q^3)_k}{(q^3;q^3)_k^2}&\equiv \left(\frac{-3}{p}\right)q^{\frac{1-p^2}{3}}\pmod{[p]^2},\\ \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{(q;q^4)_k(q^3;q^4)_k}{(q^4;q^4)_k^2}&\equiv \left(\frac{-2}{p}\right)q^{\frac{3(1-p^2)}{8}}\pmod{[p]^2},\\ \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{(q;q^6)_k(q^5;q^6)_k}{(q^6;q^6)_k^2}&\equiv \left(\frac{-1}{p}\right)q^{\frac{5(1-p^2)}{12}}\pmod{[p]^2}. \end{aligned}

These are q-analogues of four supercongruences of Rodriguez-Villegas, which were proved in the classical case by Mortenson. The q-congruences are presented as the paper's starting point and remain conjectural in the supplied text.

References

Primary source

Victor J. W. Guo and Jiang Zeng, “Some q-analogues of supercongruences of Rodriguez-Villegas”, arXiv:1401.5978 (2014).

Additional references

4 papers in this index state this conjecture (2009–2014). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1204.1574, arXiv:1204.1575, arXiv:0907.5089.

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