Radial time-average conjecture for the equal-vortex model

From papers

Let z=(z1,,zN)z=(z_1,\ldots,z_N) be a configuration of NN equal vortices, each of vorticity 11, and define the pre-shape set

ΓN={z:k=1Nzi=0,1Nk=1Nzi2=1}.\Gamma_N=\left\{z:\sum_{k=1}^N z_i=0,\,\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=1}^N|z_i|^2=1\right\}.

For almost every zΓNz\in\Gamma_N, the time average of the empirical vorticity density exists in the weak-measure sense,

μ(dz)=limT1T0T1Ni=1Nδzzi(t)dt,\mu(dz)=\lim_{T\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N\delta_{z-z_i(t)}\,dt,

and is radial, meaning invariant under rotations. Equivalently, for every smooth observable Φ:R2R\Phi:\mathbb{R}^2\rightarrow\mathbb{R} and every θ[0,2π)\theta\in[0,2\pi), the time average of

Ψθ(z)=1Nk=1NΦRθ(zk)\Psi_\theta(z)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=1}^N\Phi\circ R_\theta(z_k)

exists and is independent of θ\theta. The conjecture concerns the long-time distribution of vortices on the fixed center-of-mass and inertial-moment level set; establishing existence and rotational invariance of these averages remains open.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Emanuele Caglioti and Marco Cecchini, “Time Averages for the Vortex Model and Stroboscopic Ergodic Averages”, arXiv:2607.00721 (2026).

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