Radial time-average conjecture for the equal-vortex model

Let z=(z1,…,zN)z=(z_1,\ldots,z_N) be a configuration of NN equal vortices, each of vorticity 11, and define the pre-shape set

ΓN={z:∑k=1Nzi=0, 1N∑k=1N∣zi∣2=1}.\Gamma_N=\left\{z:\sum_{k=1}^N z_i=0,\,\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=1}^N|z_i|^2=1\right\}.

For almost every z∈ΓNz\in\Gamma_N, the time average of the empirical vorticity density exists in the weak-measure sense,

μ(dz)=lim⁡T→∞1T∫0T1N∑i=1Nδz−zi(t) dt,\mu(dz)=\lim_{T\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N\delta_{z-z_i(t)}\,dt,

and is radial, meaning invariant under rotations. Equivalently, for every smooth observable Φ:R2→R\Phi:\mathbb{R}^2\rightarrow\mathbb{R} and every θ∈[0,2π)\theta\in[0,2\pi), the time average of

Ψθ(z)=1N∑k=1NΦ∘Rθ(zk)\Psi_\theta(z)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=1}^N\Phi\circ R_\theta(z_k)

exists and is independent of θ\theta. The conjecture concerns the long-time distribution of vortices on the fixed center-of-mass and inertial-moment level set; establishing existence and rotational invariance of these averages remains open.

References

Primary source

Emanuele Caglioti and Marco Cecchini, “Time Averages for the Vortex Model and Stroboscopic Ergodic Averages”, arXiv:2607.00721 (2026).

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