Baker–Chen–Li–Qian refinement for cyclic V-shaped permutations

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Let nn be a positive integer. A cyclic V-shaped permutation of [n][n] is a permutation with a unique local minimum that is also a cycle, and let the minimum occur at position kk. Consider subsets of [n−1][n-1] having cardinality k−1k-1 and whose elements sum to 1 mod n1\bmod n. Baker–Chen–Li–Qian's refinement. The number of cyclic V-shaped permutations of [n][n] whose minimum is at position kk equals the number of (k−1)(k-1)-element subsets of [n−1][n-1] whose elements sum to 1 mod n1\bmod n. This conjecture refines the known equality between the total number of these cyclic V-shaped permutations and the number of primitive necklaces of length nn with an odd number of ones, both enumerated by the relevant Möbius-sum formula. The source presents the refinement as a conjecture and gives no resolution.

References

Primary source

Robert Dougherty-Bliss and Sergi Elizalde, “Necklaces, subset sums, and cyclic permutations”, arXiv:2603.15830 (2026).

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