Conjecture for Stirling cycle numbers of all orders

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Let C(r)C^{(r)} be the Stirling cycle triangle of order rr, let

Cˇ(r)=(C(r))rev\widecheck{C}^{(r)}=\left(C^{(r)}\right)^{\rm rev}

be the triangle formed by reversing the rows of C(r)C^{(r)}, and let cr,n(x)c_{r,n}(x) be its row-generating polynomials. A sequence of polynomials is coefficientwise Hankel-totally positive in xx when every minor of its Hankel matrix has coefficients that are nonnegative in xx. Conjecture for Stirling cycle numbers of all orders. The following are true: (a) C(r)C^{(r)} is totally positive for all r≥1r\geq 1. (b) Cˇ(r)\widecheck{C}^{(r)} is totally positive for r=1,2r=1,2 and is not totally positive when r≥3r\geq 3. (c) The polynomials cr,n(x)c_{r,n}(x) are negative-real-rooted for r=1,2r=1,2 and have non-real complex zeros for r≥3r\geq 3 and n≥3n\geq 3. Also, the row sequences of C(r)C^{(r)} are log-concave for 1≤r≤51\leq r\leq 5. (d) The sequence (cr,n(x))n≥0(c_{r,n}(x))_{n\geq 0} is coefficientwise Hankel-totally positive in xx for all r≥1r\geq 1. These assertions refine the known low-order relationship between Stirling cycle triangles and Eulerian-type triangles; the cases r≥3r\geq 3 include both failures of row-reversed total positivity and non-real-rootedness, while the total positivity of C(r)C^{(r)} and the Hankel property are asserted for every order.

References

Primary source

Bishal Deb and Alan D. Sokal, “Higher-order Stirling cycle and subset triangles: Total positivity, continued fractions and real-rootedness”, arXiv:2507.18959 (2025).

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