Quantum central limit theorem for self-adjoint non-commutative polynomials

Let (M,ρ)(\mathcal{M},\rho) be a quantum probability space, and let A1,,AkA_1,\ldots,A_k be self-adjoint elements with mean 00 and symmetric covariance matrix. For each tt, write

Aa(t)=It1AaINt1,A_a^{(t)}=I^{\otimes t-1}\otimes A_a\otimes I^{\otimes N-t-1},

and define

A~a=1Nt=1NAa(t).\widetilde{A}_a=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum_{t=1}^N A_a^{(t)}.

Let pCA1,,Akp\in\mathbb{C}\langle A_1,\ldots,A_k\rangle be a self-adjoint non-commutative polynomial, and let p^\widehat{p} be its commutative image. Quantum central limit conjecture. The distribution of p(A~1,,A~k)p(\widetilde{A}_1,\ldots,\widetilde{A}_k) converges as NN\to\infty to the distribution of p^(X1,,Xk)\widehat{p}(X_1,\ldots,X_k), where X1,,XkX_1,\ldots,X_k are classical Gaussian random variables with covariance matrix

E[XaXb]=ρ(AaAb).E[X_aX_b]=\rho(A_aA_b).

In the tracial case, the symmetric covariance makes the limiting law classical and suggests that the non-commutative polynomial contributes only through its commutative image; the conjecture addresses the non-commutative obstruction in the multivariate quantum central limit theorem.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Greg Kuperberg, “Random words, quantum statistics, central limits, random matrices”, arXiv:math/9909104 (2000).

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