Conjecture on the caustics of iterates of off-center reflections

Let RrR_r be the off-center reflection map with parameter rr, let mm be a positive integer, and let the caustic of an iterate be the associated envelope curve. The 2-periodic points of RrR_r are 00, π\pi, and the two points ±ϕc\pm\phi_c, where ϕc(0,π)\phi_c\in(0,\pi) satisfies

cosϕc=11+8r24r.\cos\phi_c=\dfrac{1-\sqrt{1+8r^2}}{4r}.

Caustics of iterates conjecture. For 0<r1/30<r\leq 1/3, the caustic of Rr2m+1R_r^{2m+1} is a CC^\infty curve with exactly four cusp singularities, with two of them occurring at ϕ=0,π\phi=0,\pi. On the other hand, the caustic of Rr2mR_r^{2m} is a differentiable curve, CC^\infty everywhere except at exactly the four 2-periodic points of RrR_r, where the caustic is tangent to the unit circle. This conjecture gives the exact caustic structure in the parameter range where the iterates remain diffeomorphisms; the preceding theorem proves only that odd iterates have at least four cusps for sufficiently small rr, while the stated exact description and the even-iterate regularity remain to be established.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Thomas Kwok-keung Au and Xiao-song Lin, “Off-center Reflections: Caustics and Chaos”, arXiv:math/9806094 (2001).

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