Conjectures for two-cycles with arbitrary and primitive-root conditions

Let pp be prime. For conditions on gg and hh, let Tgcondition,hcondition(p)T_{g\,\mathrm{condition},h\,\mathrm{condition}}(p) denote the number of corresponding two-cycle solutions modulo pp, where PR\mathop\mathsf{PR} means primitive root, ANY\mathop\mathsf{ANY} means unrestricted, and \bullet denotes any one of the four conditions used on hh.

Two-cycle counting conjectures. The paper conjectures

TgPR,hANY(p)2ϕ(p1),TgANY,hANY(p)2(p1).T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{PR},h\,\mathop\mathsf{ANY}}(p)\approx 2\phi(p-1),\qquad T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{ANY},h\,\mathop\mathsf{ANY}}(p)\approx 2(p-1).

It further conjectures

TgRP,h(p)[ϕ(p1)p1]TgANY,h(p),T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{RP},h\,\bullet}(p)\approx \left[\frac{\phi(p-1)}{p-1}\right]T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{ANY},h\,\bullet}(p), TgRPPR,h(p)[ϕ(p1)p1]TgPR,h(p).T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{RPPR},h\,\bullet}(p)\approx \left[\frac{\phi(p-1)}{p-1}\right]T_{g\,\mathop\mathsf{PR},h\,\bullet}(p).

These heuristic formulas concern the predicted numbers of solutions to the discrete-logarithm two-cycle equations under various primitive-root restrictions. The source presents them as conjectural birthday-paradox estimates; no resolution is supplied.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Joshua Holden and Pieter Moree, “New Conjectures and Results for Small Cycles of the Discrete Logarithm”, arXiv:math/0305305 (2003).

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