Cox and Martin's weighted optimization conjecture for even-length paths

Let UU be a finite set, and let μ\mu be a probability measure on the edges of the complete graph on UU, so that μ(uv)≥0\mu(uv)\ge 0 and

∑{u,v}∈(U2)μ(uv)=1.\sum_{\{u,v\}\in\binom{U}{2}}\mu(uv)=1.

For u∈Uu\in U, define the weighted degree by

μ(u)=∑v∈U∖{u}μ(uv).\mu(u)=\sum_{v\in U\setminus\{u\}}\mu(uv).

For every integer ℓ≥2\ell\ge 2, set

ρ(μ;ℓ)=∑(u1,…,uℓ)∈Uℓu1,…,uℓ pairwise distinct⁡μ(u1)(∏i=1ℓ−1μ(uiui+1))μ(uℓ),\rho(\mu;\ell)=\sum_{\substack{(u_1,\ldots,u_\ell)\in U^\ell\\ u_1,\ldots,u_\ell\ \operatorname{pairwise\ distinct}}}\mu(u_1)\left(\prod_{i=1}^{\ell-1}\mu(u_i u_{i+1})\right)\mu(u_\ell),

and define

ρ(ℓ)=sup⁡U,μρ(μ;ℓ),\rho(\ell)=\sup_{U,\mu}\rho(\mu;\ell),

where the supremum is over all finite sets UU and all such probability measures. Cox and Martin's conjecture. For every integer ℓ≥2\ell\ge 2,

ρ(ℓ)=8ℓℓ.\rho(\ell)=\frac{8}{\ell^\ell}.

This weighted optimization parameter controls the leading term in the upper bound for the number of even-length paths in planar graphs. The source attributes the conjecture to Cox and Martin and does not provide evidence of its resolution, so its general status remains open.

References

Primary source

Zhen Liu and Chuanshu Wu, “The maximum number of paths of even length in a planar graph”, arXiv:2607.27284 (2026).

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