The absence of a universal upper bound for the first eigenvalue in terms of mean distance

From papers

Let G\mathcal{G} be a unilateral metric graph with Dirichlet set VD{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}}, let λ1(G;VD)\lambda_1(\mathcal{G};{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}}) denote its first eigenvalue, and define the mean distance to the Dirichlet set by

ρ(G;VD):=1GGdist(x,VD)d ⁣x.\rho(\mathcal{G};{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}}):=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{G}|}\int_\mathcal{G}\operatorname{dist}(x,{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}})\operatorname{d}\!x.

Mean-distance upper-bound conjecture. There is no universal constant C>0C>0 such that

λ1(G;VD)Cρ(G;VD)2\lambda_1(\mathcal{G};{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}})\leq \frac{C}{\rho(\mathcal{G};{\mathsf{V}^{\mathrm D}})^2}

for all unilateral metric graphs. This conjecture proposes that the first eigenvalue cannot be uniformly bounded above using only the mean distance to the Dirichlet set. The surrounding discussion notes that lower bounds involving mean distance are known, while the corresponding proposed upper bound is expected to fail.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Delio Mugnolo, “The role of expanders in the spectral geometry of metric graphs”, arXiv:2607.14312 (2026).

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