Pinned-spine conjecture for full binary trees

From papers

Let TT be a full binary tree (FBT) on nn vertices. A longest root-to-leaf path is a path v0v1vv_0v_1\cdots v_\ell with v0v_0 the root. Its alternating extreme spine assignment is

s(vi)={i/2,i even,n1(i1)/2,i odd.s(v_i)= \begin{cases} i/2, & i\text{ even},\\[2pt] n-1-(i-1)/2, & i\text{ odd}. \end{cases}

Pinned-spine conjecture. Every FBT TT on nn vertices admits a graceful labeling ff such that, for some longest root-to-leaf path v0v1vv_0v_1\cdots v_\ell, the restriction of ff to that path is the alternating extreme spine assignment. This is stronger than ordinary gracefulness because the prescribed spine consumes the largest edge differences. The paper proves the conjecture for comb full binary trees, and reports exhaustive verification for rooted non-isomorphic FBTs through order 2323; the general conjecture remains open.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Bogdan Dumitru and Mihai Nacu, “Alternating Extremes in Graceful Labelings of Full Binary Trees and Spider Trees”, arXiv:2607.12597 (2026).

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