The conjecture on uncorrelated classical and modular-symbol Kloosterman sums

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For m,n≠0m,n\neq0, define

ρm,n(x)=#{N∣c≤x:sign⁡S(m,n;c)=sign⁡S∗(m,n;c)}#{N∣c≤x},\rho_{m,n}(x)=\frac{\#\{N\mid c\leq x:\operatorname{sign}S(m,n;c)=\operatorname{sign}S^*(m,n;c)\}}{\#\{N\mid c\leq x\}},

and let r(S,S∗)(x)r(S,S^*)(x) be the Pearson correlation of the sequences S(m,n;c)S(m,n;c) and S∗(m,n;c)S^*(m,n;c) over the dyadic window Wx={N∣c:x<c≤2x}W_x=\{N\mid c:x<c\leq2x\}. Uncorrelation conjecture. For any m,n≠0m,n\neq0,

ρm,n(x)→12andr(S,S∗)(x)→0(x→∞).\rho_{m,n}(x)\to\frac12\quad\text{and}\quad r(S,S^*)(x)\to0 \qquad (x\to\infty).

The conjecture formalizes the numerical evidence that the signs and values of the two types of Kloosterman sums are asymptotically uncorrelated; the supplied source gives numerical support but no proof.

References

Primary source

Nikolaos Diamantis, Solomon Friedberg and Fredrik Strömberg, “Sums of Kloosterman sums formed with modular symbols”, arXiv:2607.10786 (2026).

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