Balla's conjecture on equiangular lines

Let Nα(d)N_{\alpha}(d) denote the maximum number of equiangular lines in Rd\mathbb{R}^d with common angle arccos⁡(α)\arccos(\alpha). For α∈(0,1)\alpha\in(0,1), set

λ:=1−α2α.\lambda:=\frac{1-\alpha}{2\alpha}.

Let κλ\kappa_{\lambda} denote the spectral radius order of λ\lambda, and assume that κλ<∞\kappa_{\lambda}<\infty.

Balla's conjecture. For any d≥1d\geq 1,

Nα(d)≤max⁡{(1−α2)(1−2α2)2α4,⌊κλ(d−1)κλ−1⌋}.N_{\alpha}(d)\leq \max\left\{\frac{(1-\alpha^2)(1-2\alpha^2)}{2\alpha^4},\left\lfloor\frac{\kappa_{\lambda}(d-1)}{\kappa_{\lambda}-1}\right\rfloor\right\}.

The conjecture was previously verified for α∈{13,15,11+22}\alpha\in\left\{\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{5},\frac{1}{1+2\sqrt{2}}\right\}, and this paper proves it for α=11+23\alpha=\frac{1}{1+2\sqrt{3}} and α=5−2\alpha=\sqrt{5}-2. However, it fails for infinitely many values of α\alpha, so the general conjecture is refuted.

References

Primary source

Chuanyuan Ge and Shiping Liu, “New bounds for equiangular lines and Balla's conjecture”, arXiv:2606.29392 (2026).

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