Parity conjecture for the unique invariant theta characteristic on modular curves

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Let pp be an odd prime with p≥7p\geq 7, and let X(p)X(p) denote the modular curve of level pp. An invariant theta characteristic is a theta characteristic on X(p)X(p) invariant under the relevant group action.

Parity conjecture. The unique invariant theta characteristic on X(p)X(p) is always even.

This conjecture extends the computations for p=7,11,13,17p=7,11,13,17, where the unique invariant theta characteristic was found to be even. The parity for all odd primes p≥7p\geq 7 remains open.

References

Primary source

Linden Disney-Hogg, “The Parity of Invariant Characteristics”, arXiv:2606.20938 (2026).

Additional references

7 papers in this index state this conjecture (2010–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2507.00860, arXiv:2208.11616, arXiv:2207.02509, arXiv:2105.06574, arXiv:1011.2991, arXiv:1002.0554.

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