Near-quadratic Elekes–Rónyai expander conjecture over the reals

From papers

Let fR[x,y]f\in\mathbb R[x,y] be neither additive nor multiplicative. For a finite set ARA\subset\mathbb R, write f(A,A)={f(a1,a2):a1,a2A}f(A,A)=\{f(a_1,a_2):a_1,a_2\in A\}. Near-quadratic Elekes–Rónyai expander conjecture. For every ϵ>0\epsilon>0, there exists a constant Cf,ϵ>0C_{f,\epsilon}>0 such that

f(A,A)Cf,ϵA2ϵ\lvert f(A,A)\rvert\geq C_{f,\epsilon}\lvert A\rvert^{2-\epsilon}

for every finite set ARA\subset\mathbb R. The conjecture proposes a near-quadratic expansion bound for nonspecial real bivariate polynomials; the source states that it is disproved by a counterexample, so the asserted universal bound is false.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jihao Liu, “A counterexample to the near-quadratic Elekes–Rónyai expander conjecture over R”, arXiv:2606.16738 (2026).

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