Fox's trapezoidal conjecture for alternating knots

Let KK be an alternating knot, and write its Alexander polynomial as ΔK(t)=iaiti\Delta_K(t)=\sum_i a_i t^i. A sequence is trapezoidal if the absolute values of its terms increase, possibly remain constant on a plateau, and then decrease. Fox's trapezoidal conjecture. The absolute values ai|a_i| form a trapezoidal sequence. A stronger variant asserts that the non-plateau portions are log-concave, satisfying

ai2>ai1ai+1.a_i^2 > |a_{i-1}|\cdot |a_{i+1}|.

Murasugi established fundamental algebraic properties for alternating knots, but structural proofs of the trapezoidal condition remain open for general alternating families; the stronger log-concavity variant is likewise not established here.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Suman Saurabh, “Spectral Factorization and Hypergeometric Representations of the Alexander Polynomials of Th(4,2n+1)”, arXiv:2606.11301 (2026).

Additional references

9 papers in this index state this conjecture (2013–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2512.02314, arXiv:2504.20967, arXiv:2503.15103, arXiv:2410.16126, arXiv:2401.14927, arXiv:1712.04993, arXiv:1506.02000, arXiv:1307.1578.

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