Balanced-border characterization of half-frequency words

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Let ww be a binary word. A balanced border is a border of ww whose numbers of 00s and 11s are equal; the statistics ρw\rho^w and qwq^w are the letter-frequency quantities associated with forbidding ww. Balanced-border conjecture. The word ww satisfies

ρw=12\rho^w=\frac{1}{2}

if and only if ww has balanced borders. The same equivalence holds with ρw\rho^w replaced by qwq^w. This conjecture would characterize exactly when either frequency statistic remains 1/21/2 without requiring an evident 0↔10\leftrightarrow1 symmetry. The source says that a computer search suggests the claim and gives no proof or resolution.

References

Primary source

Miklós Bóna, Balázs Maga and Jacob Richey, “Letter frequency in shifts of finite type with one forbidden word”, arXiv:2606.06655 (2026).

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