Balanced-border characterization of half-frequency words
Let be a binary word. A balanced border is a border of whose numbers of s and s are equal; the statistics and are the letter-frequency quantities associated with forbidding . Balanced-border conjecture. The word satisfies
if and only if has balanced borders. The same equivalence holds with replaced by . This conjecture would characterize exactly when either frequency statistic remains without requiring an evident symmetry. The source says that a computer search suggests the claim and gives no proof or resolution.
References
Primary source
Miklós Bóna, Balázs Maga and Jacob Richey, “Letter frequency in shifts of finite type with one forbidden word”, arXiv:2606.06655 (2026).
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