Balanced-border characterization of half-frequency words

Let ww be a binary word. A balanced border is a border of ww whose numbers of 00s and 11s are equal; the statistics ρw\rho^w and qwq^w are the letter-frequency quantities associated with forbidding ww. Balanced-border conjecture. The word ww satisfies

ρw=12\rho^w=\frac{1}{2}

if and only if ww has balanced borders. The same equivalence holds with ρw\rho^w replaced by qwq^w. This conjecture would characterize exactly when either frequency statistic remains 1/21/2 without requiring an evident 010\leftrightarrow1 symmetry. The source says that a computer search suggests the claim and gives no proof or resolution.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Miklós Bóna, Balázs Maga and Jacob Richey, “Letter frequency in shifts of finite type with one forbidden word”, arXiv:2606.06655 (2026).

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