Conjecture on the logarithmic density of non-prime endomorphisms of the free group

Let F2F_2 be the free group of rank two, let BnB_n be its ball of radius nn, and let

Nn={(u,v)Bn×Bn:φu,v is not prime}.\mathcal N_n=\{(u,v)\in B_n\times B_n:\varphi_{u,v}\text{ is not prime}\}.

Define the logarithmic density of non-prime pairs by

δnp=lim supnlogNnlogBn×Bn.\delta_{\mathrm{np}}=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log |\mathcal N_n|}{\log |B_n\times B_n|}.

Conjecture on the non-prime density. The logarithmic density satisfies

δnp=34.\delta_{\mathrm{np}}=\frac34.

The main results establish the bounds 34δnp2728\frac34\leq\delta_{\mathrm{np}}\leq\frac{27}{28}, so the conjecture asserts that the lower bound is sharp. Determining the exact density measures how large the exceptional family of non-prime endomorphisms is among pairs of elements in the free group.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Andreas Thom, “On prime endomorphisms of the free group of rank two”, arXiv:2606.02225 (2026).

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