Bege's conjecture on sums of Apostol's Möbius functions in arithmetic progressions

For integers k2k\geq 2 and q1q\geq 1, define the error term Ek,q(x)E_{k,q}(x) by

nx(n,q)=1μk(n)=Ak,qx+Ek,q(x),\sum_{\substack{n\leq x\\(n,q)=1}}\mu_k(n)=A_{k,q}x+E_{k,q}(x),

where

Ak,q=φ(q)qpq(12pk+p(k+1)).A_{k,q}=\frac{\varphi(q)}{q}\prod_{p\nmid q}\left(1-2p^{-k}+p^{-(k+1)}\right).

Here φ(q)\varphi(q) is Euler's totient function, θ(q)\theta(q) is the number of positive squarefree divisors of qq, and DD and AA are absolute positive constants. Bege's conjecture. For every real number x3x\geq 3 and integers k2k\geq 2 and q1q\geq 1,

Ek,q(x)θ(q)x1/kexp(D(logx)3/5(loglogx)1/5).E_{k,q}(x)\ll \theta(q)x^{1/k}\exp\left(-D\frac{(\log x)^{3/5}}{(\log\log x)^{1/5}}\right).

In particular, for q=1q=1 this gives the corresponding estimate for Ek(x)E_k(x). If the Riemann Hypothesis is true, the conjecture further predicts the improved estimate

Ek,q(x)θ(q)x2/(2k+1)exp(Alogxloglogx),E_{k,q}(x)\ll \theta(q)x^{2/(2k+1)}\exp\left(A\frac{\log x}{\log\log x}\right),

with the analogous q=1q=1 estimate for Ek(x)E_k(x). The conjecture concerns cancellation in sums of Apostol's Möbius functions subject to a coprimality condition; the source attributes it to A. Bege, but the supplied text gives no evidence that either estimate has been proved or disproved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Reo Terada, “Sums of Apostol's Möbius functions of order k”, arXiv:2606.01384 (2026).

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