Lv et al.'s generalized Turán conjecture for triangles and expanded paths and cycles

Let PkP_k^{\triangle} and CkC_k^{\triangle} denote the graphs obtained by the relevant expansion of the path PkP_k and cycle CkC_k, respectively. For graphs G1G_1 and G2G_2, their join G_1\mathbin{\;{\rotatebox{90}{\textnormal{\small\Bowtie}}}}G_2 has vertex set V(G1)V(G2)V(G_1)\cup V(G_2) and contains all edges of G1G_1 and G2G_2, together with every edge between V(G1)V(G_1) and V(G2)V(G_2). Let T(n)T(n) be a balanced complete bipartite graph, let X,YX,Y be its parts with XY|X|\le |Y|, and let T+(n)T^+(n) be obtained from T(n)T(n) by adding an edge inside XX. For a positive integer tt, define

S(n,t):=Kt  \rotatebox90\BowTieT(nt),S+(n,t):=Kt  \rotatebox90\BowTieT+(nt).S(n,t):=K_t\mathbin{\;{\rotatebox{90}{\textnormal{$\small\BowTie$}}}}T(n-t),\qquad S^+(n,t):=K_t\mathbin{\;{\rotatebox{90}{\textnormal{$\small\BowTie$}}}}T^+(n-t).

For graphs QQ and FF, let N(Q,F)N(Q,F) be the number of copies of QQ in FF, and let ex(n,Q,F)\mathrm{ex}(n,Q,F) be the maximum number of copies of QQ in an nn-vertex FF-free graph.

Lv et al.'s conjecture. For k4k\ge 4 and sufficiently large nn,

ex(n,K3,Pk)=ex(n,K3,Ck)={N(K3,S(n,k12)),if k is odd,N(K3,S+(n,k12)),if k is even.\mathrm{ex}(n,K_3,P_k^{\triangle})=\mathrm{ex}(n,K_3,C_k^{\triangle})= \begin{cases} N\left(K_3,S(n,\left\lfloor \frac{k-1}{2}\right\rfloor)\right),&\text{if $k$ is odd},\\ N\left(K_3,S^+(n,\left\lfloor \frac{k-1}{2}\right\rfloor)\right),&\text{if $k$ is even}. \end{cases}

This extends exact generalized Turán results for several expanded paths and cycles and predicts the extremal triangle counts for all k4k\ge 4 once nn is sufficiently large; its resolution is not established in the supplied context.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jialei Song, Qi Wu and Long-Tu Yuan, “Triangles in graphs without the expansion of 4-cycle”, arXiv:2605.17430 (2026).

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