Eigenvalue spectrum conjecture for type j,kj,k saddle-node ghosts

Let x˙=f(x,ρ)\dot{x}=f(x,\rho), with xRnx\in\mathbb{R}^n, fCωf\in\mathcal{C}^\omega, and parameters ρ=(ρ1,,ρm)TRm\rho=(\rho_1,\dots,\rho_m)^T\in\mathbb{R}^m. Suppose that xgAx_g\in\mathcal{A} is a ghost of a type j,kj,k saddle-node xsnx_{sn} at ρcrit\rho_{\textnormal{crit}}. For each ii with 1ij1\leq i\leq j, there is a unit vector uiRnu_i\in\mathbb{R}^n such that, in a neighborhood of xgx_g, the eigenvalues λi\lambda_i of Dxf(x,ρ)D_xf(x,\rho) along the line

{xAxg+tui, tR}\{x\in\mathcal{A}\mid x_g+tu_i,\ t\in\mathbb{R}\}

vary continuously and change sign from negative to positive, with

λi(t)ct,\lambda_i(t)\approx ct,

where cRc\in\mathbb{R}, to leading order. Eigenvalue spectrum conjecture. Every type j,kj,k saddle-node ghost has, along each of jj suitable directions, a continuously varying eigenvalue that changes sign from negative to positive and is linear in the direction parameter to leading order. This conjecture formalizes the observed linear spatial distribution of instantaneous eigenvalues along the former center directions of the parental saddle-node. It is proposed as an algorithmically identifiable criterion for detecting and characterizing higher-dimensional ghosts; the supplied text does not establish its resolution.

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Primary source

Daniel Koch and Akhilesh P. Nandan, “Generalized saddle-node ghosts and their composite structures in dynamical systems”, arXiv:2604.05194 (2026).

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