Fill's multiplicity conjecture for minimizing adjacent-transposition walks

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Let n≥3n\geq 3 and let p⃗\vec{p} be a regular parameter vector. A label is neutral if pc,i=pi,c=1/2p_{c,i}=p_{i,c}=1/2 for every i≠ci\neq c. Let

N(p⃗)=\originalleft∣{i∈[n]:i is neutral}\aftergroup\originalright∣N(\vec{p})=\mathopen{}\mathclose\bgroup\originalleft|\{i\in[n]:i\text{ is neutral}\}\aftergroup\egroup\originalright|

be the number of neutral labels, and let M(p⃗)M(\vec{p}) be the algebraic multiplicity of 1−λ∗1-\lambda_* in spec⁡(K(p⃗))\operatorname{spec}(K(\vec{p})), where λ∗\lambda_* is the uniform parameter vector's spectral gap. Fill's multiplicity conjecture. If N(p⃗)∉{n−2,n}N(\vec{p})\notin\{n-2,n\}, then

N(p⃗)=M(p⃗).N(\vec{p})=M(\vec{p}).

If N(p⃗)∈{n−2,n}N(\vec{p})\in\{n-2,n\}, then

M(p⃗)=n−1.M(\vec{p})=n-1.

This conjecture concerns the multiplicity of the second largest eigenvalue in the conjectured equality cases and remains open in the supplied text.

References

Primary source

Vishesh Jain and Clayton Mizgerd, “Equality in Fill's spectral gap problem”, arXiv:2604.03937 (2026).

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