Fill's multiplicity conjecture for minimizing adjacent-transposition walks

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Let n3n\geq 3 and let p\vec{p} be a regular parameter vector. A label is neutral if pc,i=pi,c=1/2p_{c,i}=p_{i,c}=1/2 for every ici\neq c. Let

N(p)=\originalleft{i[n]:i is neutral}\aftergroup\originalrightN(\vec{p})=\mathopen{}\mathclose\bgroup\originalleft|\{i\in[n]:i\text{ is neutral}\}\aftergroup\egroup\originalright|

be the number of neutral labels, and let M(p)M(\vec{p}) be the algebraic multiplicity of 1λ1-\lambda_* in spec(K(p))\operatorname{spec}(K(\vec{p})), where λ\lambda_* is the uniform parameter vector's spectral gap. Fill's multiplicity conjecture. If N(p){n2,n}N(\vec{p})\notin\{n-2,n\}, then

N(p)=M(p).N(\vec{p})=M(\vec{p}).

If N(p){n2,n}N(\vec{p})\in\{n-2,n\}, then

M(p)=n1.M(\vec{p})=n-1.

This conjecture concerns the multiplicity of the second largest eigenvalue in the conjectured equality cases and remains open in the supplied text.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Vishesh Jain and Clayton Mizgerd, “Equality in Fill's spectral gap problem”, arXiv:2604.03937 (2026).

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