Gau–Wang–Wu conjecture about nilpotent partial isometries

From papers

Let AMnA\in M_n be a nilpotent partial isometry, and suppose that AA is unitarily irreducible, meaning that AA has no nontrivial reducing subspace. Its numerical range is

W(A)={Ax,x:xH, x=1}.W(A)=\{\langle Ax,x\rangle:x\in\mathcal H,\ \lVert x\rVert=1\}.

The matrix AA is rotationally invariant when, for every θR\theta\in\mathbb R, the matrices AA and eiθAe^{i\theta}A are unitarily similar.

Gau–Wang–Wu conjecture. If the numerical range W(A)W(A) is a circular disc centered at the origin, then AA is rotationally invariant.

This conjecture concerns the distinction between circular symmetry of the numerical range and the stronger structural condition of unitary similarity to every scalar rotation. The source presents it as one of three conjectures on partial isometries; its resolution is not established in the supplied text.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Eric Shen, “On circular Kippenhahn curves and the Gau-Wang-Wu conjecture about nilpotent partial isometries”, arXiv:2603.25656 (2026).

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