Cycle-factor extension of the oriented discrepancy conjecture

Let GG be an oriented graph, that is, a loopless directed graph with at most one edge between any two vertices. Let δ(G)\delta(G) denote its minimum total degree. Let n=n1+n2++nkn=n_1+n_2+\cdots+n_k with ni3n_i\geq 3 for each 1ik1\leq i\leq k. A cycle factor C\mathcal{C} is a collection of vertex-disjoint cycles covering all vertices of GG; let σmax(C)\sigma_{\max}(\mathcal{C}) denote the maximum number of edges of C\mathcal{C} in either consistent traversal direction.

Cycle-factor extension conjecture. If

δ(G)i=1kni2,\delta(G)\geq\sum_{i=1}^k\left\lceil\frac{n_i}{2}\right\rceil,

then GG contains a cycle factor C\mathcal{C} satisfying

σmax(C)δ(G).\sigma_{\max}(\mathcal{C})\geq\delta(G).

This conjecture extends the Hamilton-cycle statement to cycle factors and is presented as an extension of the El-Zahar conjecture. The supplied text identifies it as open, while noting that determining the precise value of σmax(C)\sigma_{\max}(C) in the Hamilton-cycle setting also remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Yufei Chang, Yangyang Cheng, Zhilan Wang, Shuo Wei and Jin Yan, “An Ore-type Theorem for Oriented Discrepancy of Hamilton Cycles”, arXiv:2603.18915 (2026).

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