Linial's path-partition conjecture for digraphs

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Let DD be a digraph and let kk be a positive integer. The kk-norm of a path partition P\mathcal{P} of DD is ∣P∣k=∑P∈Pmin⁡{∣V(P)∣,k}|\mathcal{P}|_k=\sum_{P\in\mathcal{P}}\min\{|V(P)|,k\}. A path partition is kk-minimum when its kk-norm is minimum, and this minimum is denoted by πk(D)\pi_k(D). A partial kk-coloring is a collection of kk vertex-disjoint stable sets; let αk(D)\alpha_k(D) be the maximum number of vertices covered by such a coloring.

Linial's conjecture. For every digraph DD and every positive integer kk,

πk(D)≤αk(D).\pi_k(D)\leq\alpha_k(D).

This extends the Gallai–Milgram inequality α1(D)≥π1(D)\alpha_1(D)\geq\pi_1(D) and is one of Linial's two proposed generalizations involving kk-optimal path partitions and colorings. The source states that the conjecture remains open.

References

Primary source

Caroline A. de Paula Silva, Cândida Nunes da Silva and Orlando Lee, “Orthogonality between acyclic subdigraphs and paths in digraphs”, arXiv:2603.17115 (2026).

Additional references

3 papers in this index state this conjecture (2016–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1708.06691, arXiv:1606.06765.

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