Percolation transition for height-three vertices

For nNn\in\mathbb{N}, let μn(p)\mu_n^{(p)} be the stationary distribution with pp-topplings on the square box [[1,n]]2[[1,n]]^2, with particles lost outside the box. For a sandpile configuration η\eta, define the height-three vertex set by

Tn(η):={v[[1,n]]2:η(v)=3}.T_n(\eta):=\{v\in[[1,n]]^2:\eta(v)=3\}.

Height-three percolation conjecture. There exists pc(0,1)p_c\in(0,1) such that, for all p<pcp<p_c,

μn(p)(There exists a path in Tn(η) that connects the left and right boundary)n1,\mu_n^{(p)}(\text{There exists a path in }T_n(\eta)\text{ that connects the left and right boundary})\xrightarrow{n\to\infty}1,

and, for all p>pcp>p_c,

μn(p)(There exists a path in Tn(η) that connects the left and right boundary)n0.\mu_n^{(p)}(\text{There exists a path in }T_n(\eta)\text{ that connects the left and right boundary})\xrightarrow{n\to\infty}0.

This conjectures a phase transition in horizontal crossing by height-three vertices as the toppling parameter varies; simulations suggest a transition near p0.64p\approx0.64, but no resolution is supplied.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

David Beck-Tiefenbach and Robin Kaiser, “Stochastic Sandpiles with Uniform Toppling Rule on the Line”, arXiv:2603.16304 (2026).

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