The spectral diffusion conjecture for Collatz orbit measures

Let μK\mu_K be the orbit measure on Z/2KZ\mathbb{Z}/2^K\mathbb{Z}, let hw(ξ)\operatorname{hw}(\xi) denote Hamming weight, and define the spectral content at weight ww by

Sw(K)=1(Kw)hw(ξ)=wμ^K(ξ)2.\mathcal{S}_w(K)=\frac{1}{\binom Kw}\sum_{\operatorname{hw}(\xi)=w}|\widehat{\mu}_K(\xi)|^2.

Spectral diffusion conjecture. For every convergent Collatz orbit with odd-step density ρ<1/log23\rho<1/\log_2 3, there is C(ρ)>0C(\rho)>0 such that, for every w1w\ge1,

Sw(K)C(ρ)2αwK,\mathcal{S}_w(K)\le C(\rho)2^{-\alpha_w K},

where αw>0\alpha_w>0 depends only on ww. The conjecture formalizes decay of Walsh spectral content with modular depth; the supplied text gives supporting numerical observations but no proof.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Edward Y. Chang, “Exploring Collatz Dynamics with Human-LLM Collaboration”, arXiv:2603.11066 (2026).

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