The factorization conjecture for numerical ranges of compressed shifts

From papers

Let D2\mathbb{D}^2 be the bidisk, let θ=λp~p\theta=\lambda\frac{\widetilde p}{p} be a rational inner function on D2\mathbb{D}^2, and let Sθ1S_\theta^1 and Sθ2S_\theta^2 denote the two compressed coordinate shifts associated with θ\theta. A function θ\theta factors as a product of one-variable finite Blaschke products when

θ=B1(z1)B2(z2),\theta=B_1(z_1)B_2(z_2),

for finite Blaschke products B1B_1 and B2B_2.

Factorization conjecture. If θ\theta does not factor in this way, then W(Sθ1)W(S_\theta^1) and W(Sθ2)W(S_\theta^2) are open. If θ\theta does factor in this way, then W(Sθ1)W(S_\theta^1) and W(Sθ2)W(S_\theta^2) are closed.

This conjecture proposes that the openness or closedness of the numerical ranges of the two compressed shifts is determined exactly by whether the rational inner function has the indicated product factorization. It is motivated by the degree-(1,n)(1,n) cases, but the general assertion is presented as speculative and its resolution is not given here.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Kelly Bickel, Katie Quertermous and Matina Trachana, “Two-Variable Compressions of Shifts, Toeplitz Operators, and Numerical Ranges”, arXiv:2603.08559 (2026).

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