Graham's conjecture on valid orderings in cyclic groups of prime order

Let pp be a prime, and let AZp{0}A\subseteq\mathbb{Z}_p\setminus\{0\}. An ordering a1,,aAa_1,\ldots,a_{|A|} of AA is valid if its partial sums

pi=a1++ai(1iA)p_i=a_1+\cdots+a_i\qquad(1\leq i\leq |A|)

are pairwise distinct. Graham's conjecture. Every subset AZp{0}A\subseteq\mathbb{Z}_p\setminus\{0\} has a valid ordering. The conjecture was recently proved for sufficiently large primes by Pham and Sauermann, but remains open for general abelian groups, including the cyclic case in general; the paper improves the best known bound for subsets of Zk{0}\mathbb{Z}_k\setminus\{0\} for which the corresponding ordering is guaranteed.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Simone Costa and Stefano Della Fiore, “New bounds for (weak) sequenceability in Z_k”, arXiv:2602.19989 (2026).

Additional references

5 papers in this index state this conjecture (2024–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2602.15797, arXiv:2503.18101, arXiv:2409.07403, arXiv:2407.01835.

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