Kitaev's conjecture on the spectrum of invertible phases

For each spatial dimension dd, let I(Zd)\mathcal I(\mathbb Z^d) be the abelian group of invertible gapped phases, and let IP(Zd)\mathrm{IP}(\mathbb Z^d) denote a proposed space-level construction of invertible states. Kitaev's conjecture. There is a canonical isomorphism

π0(IP(Zd))I(Zd).\pi_0(\mathrm{IP}(\mathbb Z^d))\cong \mathcal I(\mathbb Z^d).

Moreover, the spaces assemble naturally into an Ω\Omega-spectrum IP={IP(Zd)}d0\mathbb{IP}=\{\mathrm{IP}(\mathbb Z^d)\}_{d\ge 0}, equivalently with homotopy equivalences

IP(Zd)Ω(IP(Zd+1)).\mathrm{IP}(\mathbb Z^d)\simeq \Omega(\mathrm{IP}(\mathbb Z^{d+1})).

The conjecture proposes a stable-homotopy-theoretic organization of invertible phases. Substantial evidence and partial constructions are known, but the full spectrum-level statement remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Mattie Ji and Bowen Yang, “Quantum Cellular Automata: The Group, the Space, and the Spectrum”, arXiv:2602.16572 (2026).

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