Berger–Coburn conjecture on the borderline heat transform criterion

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Let H2(Cn,dμ)H^2(\mathbb C^n,d\mu) be the Bargmann–Fock space, let gg be measurable, and let kak_a denote the normalized reproducing kernel at a∈Cna\in\mathbb C^n. For t>0t>0, define the heat transform, whenever the integral is absolutely convergent, by

g(t)(a)=(4πt)−n∫Cng(w)e−∣w−a∣2/(4t) dv(w).g^{(t)}(a)=(4\pi t)^{-n}\int_{\mathbb C^n}g(w)e^{-|w-a|^2/(4t)}\,dv(w).

Assume that gka∈L2(dμ)gk_a\in L^2(d\mu) for every a∈Cna\in\mathbb C^n, and let TgT_g be the associated Toeplitz operator. Berger–Coburn conjecture. TgT_g extends to a bounded operator on H2(Cn,dμ)H^2(\mathbb C^n,d\mu) if and only if g(1/4)g^{(1/4)} is bounded on Cn\mathbb C^n.

The estimates of Berger and Coburn establish the corresponding norm inequalities for heat-transform times strictly above and strictly below 1/41/4, leaving the endpoint t=1/4t=1/4 as the unresolved case. The conjecture asks whether boundedness of this borderline transform is also sufficient for boundedness of the Toeplitz operator.

References

Primary source

Sam Looi, “A counterexample to the Berger–Coburn conjecture”, arXiv:2601.20859 (2026).

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