Permutation conjecture for modular-polynomial evaluations outside the invariant image

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Let NN be the level parameter, let α\alpha be the invariant, let image⁡α\operatorname{image}\alpha denote its image, let Φmα\Phi_m^{\alpha} be the modular polynomial with level structure, and let ψ(m)\psi(m) be the degree parameter appearing in the construction. Permutation conjecture. For any positive integer mm prime to NN, there exists a permutation σ\sigma on C∖image⁡α\mathbb{C}\setminus\operatorname{image}\alpha such that

Φmα(z,Y)=(Y−σ(z))ψ(m),\Phi_m^{\alpha}(z,Y)=(Y-\sigma(z))^{\psi(m)},

for every z∈C∖image⁡αz\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\operatorname{image}\alpha. This conjecture describes the evaluation of the modular polynomials at points outside the image of the invariant, where all roots coincide according to a permutation of the complement.

References

Primary source

Hiroshi Onuki, Yukihiro Uchida and Ryo Yoshizumi, “Geometric construction of modular polynomials with level structures”, arXiv:2601.17338 (2026).

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