Uniqueness conjecture for trisections of the 4-sphere

A trisection of a closed 4-manifold is a decomposition into three 4-dimensional 1-handlebodies whose pairwise intersections are 3-dimensional handlebodies and whose triple intersection is a closed surface. A stabilization is the connected sum of a trisection diagram with one of the genus-1 trisection diagrams of S4S^4; the reverse operation is a destabilization. Two trisections of the same closed 4-manifold are isotopic if an isotopy of the manifold carries each sector of one trisection to the corresponding sector of the other. The trisection uniqueness conjecture. Each trisection of S4S^4 is isotopic to the genus-0 trisection or its stabilization. This is a 4-dimensional analogue of Waldhausen's theorem, which states that each genus-gg Heegaard splitting of S3S^3 is isotopic to the stabilization of the genus-0 Heegaard splitting. The supplied status evidence indicates that the conjecture is disproved: a counterexample may be obtained from trisection diagrams of a 4-manifold diffeomorphic to S4S^4, since isotopic trisections are diffeomorphic.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Tsukasa Isoshima and Reo Yabuguchi, “Trisections and Lefschetz fibrations with (-n)-sections”, arXiv:2512.21001 (2026).

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