Modular transformation conjecture for the genus-two signature

Let σ2(q/p)\sigma_2(q/p) denote the genus-two signature at a rational number q/pq/p. For coprime odd integers 0<q<p0<q<p, consider the transformed fraction q/(2q+p)q/(2q+p). Modular transformation conjecture. For any coprime odd integers 0<q<p0<q<p, one has

σ2(q2q+p)σ2(qp)=2q2+2pq+p21.\sigma_2\Bigl(\frac{q}{2q+p}\Bigr)-\sigma_2\Bigl(\frac{q}{p}\Bigr)=2q^2+2pq+p^2-1.

This is an arithmetic analogue of the modular transformation law for the limiting function Λ(θ)\Lambda(\theta), suggested by the asymptotics of the genus-two signature along continued-fraction convergents. The identity was checked by computer for all 0<q<p<1000<q<p<100, but no proof or general resolution is given here.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Julien Marché and Gregor Masbaum, “Signatures in TQFT : Asymptotics and Modularity”, arXiv:2512.13450 (2026).

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