Hollander's conjecture on regular numeration languages and dominant-root limits

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Let U=(Un)n≥0U=(U_n)_{n\geq 0} be the recurrence sequence defining the numeration system, let LL be its numeration language, and let PP be the minimal polynomial of the recurrence relation satisfied by UU. A sequence is regular when its numeration language has the regularity property considered in the paper.

Hollander's conjecture. If LL is regular, there exists pp such that the limit

lim⁡n→∞Unp+iU(n−1)p+i\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{U_{np+i}}{U_{(n-1)p+i}}

exists and is independent of ii. Furthermore, the minimal polynomial PP is of the form

P(X)=Q(Xp),P(X)=Q(X^p),

where QQ is the minimal polynomial for a recurrence that gives rise to a regular language.

This conjecture, attributed to Hollander, relates regularity of a numeration language to the asymptotic behavior of the defining recurrence and to the structure of its minimal polynomial. The supplied material does not state whether it has been proved or disproved.

References

Primary source

Émilie Charlier and Savinien Kreczman, “Numeration systems without a dominant root and regularity”, arXiv:2512.13180 (2025).

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