Nitsche–Fraser–Li conjecture for free boundary minimal annuli

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Let B3\mathbb{B}^3 be the Euclidean unit ball, and let an embedded free boundary minimal annulus be an embedded minimal annulus whose boundary meets ∂B3\partial\mathbb{B}^3 orthogonally. The Nitsche–Fraser–Li conjecture. The unique embedded free boundary minimal annulus in B3\mathbb{B}^3 is the critical catenoid. This is the free-boundary analogue of the Lawson conjecture for embedded minimal tori. Uniqueness is known among rotationally symmetric embedded minimal annuli, while uniqueness without the symmetry assumption remains open.

References

Primary source

Keaton Naff and Jonathan J. Zhu, “Free boundary and capillary minimal surfaces in spherical caps I: Low genus”, arXiv:2512.12877 (2025).

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