Zagier's modularity conjecture for integral differential-equation solutions

Let P(t)P(t) be a non-degenerate quadratic polynomial, and consider the differential equation

(tP(t)y(t))+(tλ)y(t)=0.\bigl(tP(t)y'(t)\bigr)'+(t-\lambda)y(t)=0.

An integral solution is a solution at t=0t=0 of the form

y(t)=1+n=1yntn,y(t)=1+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}y_nt^n,

with ynZy_n\in\mathbb{Z} for every n1n\geq 1. A solution is modular if it is a modular form expressed locally in terms of a modular function for a monodromy group contained in SL2(R)\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{R}). Zagier's modularity conjecture. Any integral solution of the differential equation is modular.

Zagier's computer search found essentially six pairs (P(t),λ)(P(t),\lambda) with this integrality property, and in every such case the solution is modular. The conjecture asks whether this phenomenon holds for every non-degenerate quadratic P(t)P(t) and remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Gabriele Bogo, “Integrality of Picard-Fuchs differential equations of Kobayashi geodesics and applications”, arXiv:2512.09188 (2025).

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