The universal black-hole inequality with angular momentum and charges

Consider an asymptotically flat black-hole spacetime with ADM mass MM, horizon area AA, angular momentum JJ, electric charge QQ, and magnetic charge PP. Define the irreducible mass by

Mirr=A16π.M_{irr}=\sqrt{\frac{A}{16\pi}}.

Universal black-hole inequality conjecture. The mass should satisfy

M2Mirr2+J24Mirr2+Q2+P24,M^2\geq M_{irr}^2+\frac{J^2}{4M_{irr}^2}+\frac{Q^2+P^2}{4},

or equivalently

MADMA16π+4πJ2A+Q2+P24.M_{\mathrm{ADM}}\geq\sqrt{\frac{A}{16\pi}+\frac{4\pi J^2}{A}+\frac{Q^2+P^2}{4}}.

The source calls this the cosmic-censorship master inequality: violation would imply a naked singularity. It gives no definitive resolution status.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Da Xu, “The Angular Momentum Penrose Inequality”, arXiv:2512.06918 (2026).

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