The conjecture on polynomial-size join/union expressions for permutation cycles

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Let [n]={1,…,n}[n]=\{1,\ldots,n\}, let Sn\mathfrak{S}_n be the set of permutations of [n][n], and let Cn\mathfrak{C}_n be the set of nn-cycles in Sn\mathfrak{S}_n. A join/union expression is an expression built using the paper's join and union operations that represents a set of maps. Cycle-expression conjecture. For every polynomial PP, there exists an integer nn such that Cn\mathfrak{C}_n does not have a join/union expression of size at most P(n)P(n), even if nn is represented in unary. The preceding theorem gives a conditional obstruction: a polynomial-time construction would imply P=NP{\sf P}={\sf NP}. The source presents the unconditional size lower bound as an open conjecture.

References

Primary source

Ambroise Baril, Miguel Couceiro and Victor Lagerkvist, “New Perspectives on Semiring Applications to Dynamic Programming”, arXiv:2512.03916 (2025).

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