The conjecture on polynomial-size join/union expressions for permutation cycles

Let [n]={1,,n}[n]=\{1,\ldots,n\}, let Sn\mathfrak{S}_n be the set of permutations of [n][n], and let Cn\mathfrak{C}_n be the set of nn-cycles in Sn\mathfrak{S}_n. A join/union expression is an expression built using the paper's join and union operations that represents a set of maps. Cycle-expression conjecture. For every polynomial PP, there exists an integer nn such that Cn\mathfrak{C}_n does not have a join/union expression of size at most P(n)P(n), even if nn is represented in unary. The preceding theorem gives a conditional obstruction: a polynomial-time construction would imply P=NP{\sf P}={\sf NP}. The source presents the unconditional size lower bound as an open conjecture.

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Primary source

Ambroise Baril, Miguel Couceiro and Victor Lagerkvist, “New Perspectives on Semiring Applications to Dynamic Programming”, arXiv:2512.03916 (2025).

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