The SOS conjecture for symmetric biquadratic M-tensors

From papers

Let A\mathcal{A} be a symmetric biquadratic M-tensor: a symmetric biquadratic tensor that can be written as A=αIB\mathcal{A}=\alpha\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{B}, where I\mathcal{I} is the M-identity tensor, B\mathcal{B} is nonnegative, and αλmax(B)\alpha\geq\lambda_{\max}(\mathcal{B}). Here an SOS tensor is one whose associated biquadratic form is a finite sum of squares of bilinear forms. SOS conjecture for symmetric biquadratic M-tensors. Every symmetric biquadratic M-tensor is an SOS tensor. The source notes that such tensors are PSD, but says that proving the SOS assertion would require new techniques connecting M-eigenvalues with matrix eigenvalues.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Yi Xu, Chunfeng Cui and Liqun Qi, “Sum of Squares Decompositions for Structured Biquadratic Forms”, arXiv:2512.02734 (2025).

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