Liu–Laine difference-sharing conjecture for entire functions

Let ff be a transcendental entire function of finite order satisfying

1<ρ(f)<,1<\rho(f)<\infty,

and let cc be a non-period of ff. For a positive integer nn, let

Δcnf(z)=j=0n(1)njCnjf(z+jc)\Delta_c^n f(z)=\sum_{j=0}^n(-1)^{n-j}C_n^j f(z+jc)

be the nnth forward difference. Two functions share a value aa CM when their aa-points coincide counting multiplicities.

Liu–Laine's conjecture. If ff and Δcnf\Delta_c^n f share aC\{0}a\in\mathbb{C}\backslash\{0\} CM, then

Δcnfa=τ(fa),τC\{0}.\Delta_c^n f-a=\tau(f-a),\qquad \tau\in\mathbb{C}\backslash\{0\}.

The conjecture was motivated by examples showing constant-ratio behavior for difference operators and by a theorem proving an analogous result when ρ(f)<2\rho(f)<2. The supplied text records no resolution of the stated finite-order range.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Nabadwip Sarkar, Debabrata Pramanik and Lata Mahato, “On the two conjectures”, arXiv:2511.13796 (2025).

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