Almost all continued-fraction strings have no nontrivial symmetries

From papers

Let a=(a1,,an)\mathbf{a}=(a_1,\dots,a_n) be a string of positive integers. A nontrivial symmetry of a\mathbf{a} is a permutation σ\sigma of 1,,n1,\dots,n such that σ(a)a\sigma(\mathbf{a})\ne\mathbf{a}, σ(a)a\sigma(\mathbf{a})\ne\overleftarrow{\mathbf{a}}, and PGK(σ(a))=PGK(a)P_{GK}(\sigma(\mathbf{a}))=P_{GK}(\mathbf{a}). For n4n\ge4, let δ(N,n)\delta(N,n) denote the proportion of unordered nn-tuples of distinct positive integers at most NN that have a permutation with a nontrivial symmetry.

Almost-symmetry-free strings conjecture. For any integer n4n\ge4,

limNδ(N,n)=0.\lim_{N\to\infty}\delta(N,n)=0.

The conjecture generalizes the observed behavior for strings of lengths 44, 55, and 66, and would imply that nontrivial symmetries are rare among strings of every fixed length at least four. The paper presents numerical evidence but does not establish the limit in general.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Shreyas Singh, Zhuo Zhang and AJ Hildebrand, “An Elementary Characterization of the Gauss–Kuzmin Measure in the Theory of Continued Fractions”, arXiv:2511.01992 (2025).

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