The 16π16\pi conjecture for sphere eversion

Let Ω\Omega be the set of paths in Imm(S2,R3)\operatorname{Imm}(\mathbb{S}^2,\mathbb{R}^3) joining the standard S2\mathbb{S}^2 to the oppositely oriented sphere, and define

β0=infωΩsupΦωW(Φ).\beta_0=\inf_{\omega\in\Omega}\sup_{\vec{\Phi}\in\omega}W(\vec{\Phi}).

The 16π16\pi conjecture. The number β0\beta_0 is attained by a path ωC0([0,1],Imm(S2,R3))\omega\in C^0([0,1],\operatorname{Imm}(\mathbb{S}^2,\mathbb{R}^3)) such that both restrictions ω[0,1/2]\omega|_{[0,1/2]} and ω[1/2,1]\omega|_{[1/2,1]} are Willmore flows, and ω(1/2)\omega(1/2) is the inversion of the Morin surface, a minimal surface with four planar ends. The passage describes this as a step toward the 16π16\pi conjecture and gives the lower bound β016π\beta_0\geq16\pi, but does not establish the asserted attainment statement.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Tian Lan, Dorian Martino and Tristan Rivière, “The Analysis of Willmore Surfaces and its Generalizations in Higher Dimensions”, arXiv:2511.01777 (2026).

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