The supersingular-prime congruence for elliptic-curve poles

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Let C/QC/\mathbb{Q} be an elliptic curve with j(C)∉{0,1728}j(C)\notin\{0,1728\}. A prime pp is supersingular for CC when ap(C)=0a_p(C)=0 (for p≥5p\geq5), where ap(C)=p+1−∣C(Fp)∣a_p(C)=p+1-|C(\mathbb{F}_p)|. Let vpv_p denote the pp-adic valuation. The supersingular-prime congruence. If pp is a supersingular prime of CC and vp(j(C))=0=vp(j(C)−1728)v_p(j(C))=0=v_p(j(C)-1728), then

ap(E4j−j(C))≡0(modp2).a_p\left(\frac{E_4}{j-j(C)}\right)\equiv0\pmod{p^2}.

The preceding theorem gives only the congruence modulo pp; this stronger modulo-p2p^2 assertion is presented as a numerical observation and remains open.

References

Primary source

Pengcheng Zhang, “Elliptic curves and Fourier coefficients of meromorphic modular forms”, arXiv:2510.23200 (2026).

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