Conjectured maximum purity of absolutely PPT qutrit-qudit states

Let ρM3Mn\rho\in M_3\otimes M_n be an absolutely PPT state with n2n\geq 2, and let λ1,,λ3n\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_{3n} be its eigenvalues. Maximum-purity conjecture. The maximum purity of absolutely PPT states is

{49nif n0(mod4),36n+8(9n+1)2if n1(mod4),36n+16(9n+2)2if n2(mod4),36n8(9n1)2if n3(mod4).\begin{cases} \frac{4}{9n} &\text{if } n\equiv 0\pmod 4,\\ \frac{36n+8}{(9n+1)^2} &\text{if } n\equiv 1\pmod 4,\\ \frac{36n+16}{(9n+2)^2} &\text{if } n\equiv 2\pmod 4,\\ \frac{36n-8}{(9n-1)^2} &\text{if } n\equiv 3\pmod 4. \end{cases}

Moreover, the maximum is attained when

{λ1==λ3n4=23n,λ3n4+1==λ3n=29nif n0(mod4),λ1==λ3n+14=69n+1,λ3n+54==λ3n=29n+1if n1(mod4),λ1==λ3n+24=69n+2,λ3n+64==λ3n=29n+2if n2(mod4),λ1==λ3n14=69n1,λ3n+34==λ3n=29n1if n3(mod4).\begin{cases} \lambda_1=\cdots=\lambda_{\frac{3n}{4}}=\frac2{3n},\quad \lambda_{\frac{3n}{4}+1}=\cdots=\lambda_{3n}=\frac2{9n} &\text{if } n\equiv 0\pmod 4,\\ \lambda_1=\cdots=\lambda_{\frac{3n+1}{4}}=\frac6{9n+1},\quad \lambda_{\frac{3n+5}{4}}=\cdots=\lambda_{3n}=\frac2{9n+1} &\text{if } n\equiv 1\pmod 4,\\ \lambda_1=\cdots=\lambda_{\frac{3n+2}{4}}=\frac6{9n+2},\quad \lambda_{\frac{3n+6}{4}}=\cdots=\lambda_{3n}=\frac2{9n+2} &\text{if } n\equiv 2\pmod 4,\\ \lambda_1=\cdots=\lambda_{\frac{3n-1}{4}}=\frac6{9n-1},\quad \lambda_{\frac{3n+3}{4}}=\cdots=\lambda_{3n}=\frac2{9n-1} &\text{if } n\equiv 3\pmod 4. \end{cases}

The formulas are motivated by numerical estimates, which become smaller than the conjectured values as the dimension increases; the conjecture remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Hoang Phi Dung and Vu The Khoi, “On the maximum purity of absolutely separable bipartite states”, arXiv:2510.19508 (2025).

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