Existence of a continuous function nowhere differentiable along every unit speed curve

From papers

A unit speed curve is a curve parametrized by arclength, and a C1C^1 curve has a continuous first derivative. Existence conjecture. There is a continuous function

f ⁣:RdRf\colon {\mathbb R}^d\to{\mathbb R}

whose restriction to any C1C^1 unit speed curve is nowhere differentiable. The main theorem establishes the analogous result when the curves also have C1,γC^{1,\gamma} regularity for some γ(0,1]\gamma\in(0,1]; removing this extra smoothness assumption is a natural open question.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Maria Girardi and Ralph Howard, “Continuous nowhere differentiable multivariate functions”, arXiv:2510.13061 (2025).

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