Unbounded denominators conjecture for noncongruence modular forms
Let be a finite-index noncongruence subgroup, and let be a noncongruence modular form for whose Fourier coefficients lie in .
Unbounded denominators conjecture. The Fourier coefficients of have unbounded denominators. Equivalently, for every positive integer , the Fourier coefficients of are not all algebraic integers.
This folklore conjecture distinguishes noncongruence modular forms from congruence modular forms, which have bases with algebraic-integral Fourier coefficients. The conjecture was proved by Calegari, Dimitrov, and Tang using Nevanlinna theory, although their proof does not determine which primes can occur in the unbounded denominators.
References
Primary source
William Y. Chen, “Noncongruence modular curves as Hurwitz spaces”, arXiv:2510.12003 (2025).
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