Shapiro's Conjecture 12 for real polynomials of even degree

Let p(x)p(x) be a real polynomial of even degree nn. For a real polynomial qq, write rq\sharp_r q for the number of its real zeros. Shapiro's Conjecture 12.

r[(n1)(p(x))2np(x)p(x)]+rp(x)>0.\sharp_r\left[(n-1)(p'(x))^2-np(x)p”(x)\right]+\sharp_r p(x)>0.

The conjecture concerns the interaction between the real zeros of an even-degree polynomial and those of the differential polynomial (n1)(p)2npp(n-1)(p')^2-npp”. The paper's abstract claims a complete resolution: the assertion holds in nine mutually exclusive cases and fails in four, giving a classification in terms of root-locus properties; the precise resolution should be checked against the paper's stated cases.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Lande Ma and Zhaokun Ma, “Complete Resolution of B.Shapiro's Conjecture 12”, arXiv:2510.08957 (2025).

Additional references

2 papers in this index state this conjecture (2019–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1912.04951.

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