Hasse–Weil conjecture for smooth projective varieties

Let XX be a smooth, projective variety over a number field FF with good reduction outside a finite set of primes SS. Its global Hasse–Weil zeta function is

ζX(s)=x11N(x)s,\zeta_X(s)=\prod_x\frac{1}{1-N(x)^{-s}},

where the product runs over the closed points of a smooth proper integral model of XX over OF[1/S]\mathcal{O}_F[1/S].

Hasse–Weil conjecture. The function ζX(s)\zeta_X(s) extends to a meromorphic function of C\mathbf C. There exists a positive real number AR>0A\in\mathbf R^{>0}, non-zero rational functions Pv(T)P_v(T) for vSv\mid S, and infinite Gamma factors Γv(s)\Gamma_v(s) for vv\mid\infty such that

ξ(s)=ζX(s)As/2vΓv(s)vSPv(N(v)s)\xi(s)=\zeta_X(s)\cdot A^{s/2}\cdot\prod_{v\mid\infty}\Gamma_v(s)\cdot\prod_{v\mid S}P_v(N(v)^{-s})

satisfies the functional equation

ξ(s)=wξ(dimX+1s),w=±1.\xi(s)=w\cdot\xi(\dim X+1-s),\qquad w=\pm1.

This is the Hasse–Weil conjecture for the zeta function of a smooth projective variety. The source presents it in an account of results proving the conjecture for abelian surfaces and genus 22 curves over totally real fields; its general status is not resolved by the supplied text.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Toby Gee, “Modularity theorems for abelian surfaces”, arXiv:2510.02756 (2025).

Additional references

2 papers in this index state this conjecture (2018–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1812.09269.

Progress summary

Refreshed
Partially solved

The broad conjecture remains open, but a 2025 theorem proves it for genus-two curves and abelian surfaces over totally real fields.

The conjecture predicts meromorphic continuation and a functional equation for the global zeta function of every smooth projective variety over a number field. The general case remains unresolved in the supplied record.

2025 modularity theorem

Toby Gee and collaborators proved that every genus 22 curve and every abelian surface over a totally real field is potentially modular, implying the Hasse–Weil conjecture in these cases. They also proved modularity for certain abelian surfaces over Q\mathbb{Q} under hypotheses on the polarization, reduction at 33, and the roots of the Frobenius polynomial.

Current status (as of August 2026): The conjecture is established for the cited genus 22 curves and abelian surfaces over totally real fields, while the statement for arbitrary smooth projective varieties over number fields remains open.

Sources

Solutions 0

No solutions have been posted yet.