Empirical-process convergence conjecture for pseudo-observations

Let FF be the distribution function of the transformed observations, let F^n\hat F_n be the empirical distribution function based on the rank-based pseudo-observations, and define

Bn:=n(F^nF).B_n:=\sqrt{n}(\hat F_n-F).

Let WW be a standard Wiener process and let VV be a stochastic process on [0,1][0,1]. Empirical-process convergence conjecture. As nn\to\infty, BnB_n converges weakly in L([0,1])L^\infty([0,1]) to

B:=WF+V,B:=W\circ F+V,

where the sample paths of VV are almost surely locally Lipschitz continuous at xx. Moreover, on a possibly enriched probability space containing the data and BB, there exists α>0\alpha>0 such that

BnB=Op\mleft(n1+α10\mright).\lVert B_n-B\rVert_\infty=\operatorname{O}_p\mleft(n^{-\frac{1+\alpha}{10}}\mright).

This high-level conjecture is introduced to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the kernel density estimator based on dependent rank-based pseudo-observations. The weak convergence and coupling-rate assertion provide the empirical-process input needed for that analysis; the source gives no evidence that the conjecture has been resolved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Michaël Lalancette and Robert Zimmerman, “A Tractable Family of Smooth Copulas with Rotational Dependence: Properties, Inference, and Application”, arXiv:2509.26635 (2025).

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